Outline Of Zoology

Branches of zoology

Acarology

Anthrozoology

Arachnology

Batrachology

Cetology

Entomology

Ethology
Herpetology
Ichthyology
Mammalogy
Myrmecology


Ornithology
Paleozoology
Parasitology
Protozoology
Endocrinology


Nematology
Malacology
Helminthology
History of zoology
Neuroethology






Main articles: Timeline of zoology, History of zoology (through 1859) and History of zoology (since 1859)
[edit]Animals (by common name)


Main articles: Animals and Lists of animals
Some well-known types of animals, listed by their common names:
Aardvark
Aardwolf
Afghan Hound
Albatross
Alligator
Alpaca
American Robin
Anaconda
Angelfish[disambiguation needed]
Anglerfish
Ant
Anteater
Antelope
Antlion
Ape
Aphid
Armadillo
Arrow crab
Asp
Ass
Baboon
Badger
Bald Eagle
Bandicoot
Barnacle
Basilisk
Barracuda
Bass
Basset Hound
Bat
Beaked whale
Bear
Beaver
Bedbug
Bee
Beetle
Bird
Bison
Blackbird (Old World)
Blackbird (New World)
Black panther
Black Widow Spider
Blue Jay
Blue Whale
Boa
Bobcat
Bobolink
Bonobo
Booby
Box jellyfish
Boston Terrier
Bovid
Buffalo
Bug
Bulldog
Bull Terrier
Butterfly
Buzzard
Camel
Canid
Cape Buffalo
Capybara
Cardinal
Caribou
Carp
Cat
Caterpillar
Catfish
Cattle
Centipede
Cephalopod
Chameleon
Cheetah
Chickadee
Chicken
Chihuahua
Chimpanzee
Chinchilla
Chipmunk
Clam
Clownfish
Cobra
Cockroach
Cod
Collie
Condor
Constrictor
Coral
Cougar
Cow
Coyote
Crab
Crane
Crane Fly
Crawdad
Crayfish
Cricket
Crocodile
Crow
Cuckoo
Daddy longlegs
Damselfly
Deer
Dingo
Dinosaur
Dog
Dolphin
Donkey
Dormouse
Dove
Dragonfly
Duck
Dung beetle
Eagle
Earthworm
Earwig
Echidna
Eel
Egret
Elephant
Elephant seal
Elk
Emu
English pointer
English Setter
Ermine
Falcon
Ferret
Finch
Firefly
Fish
Flamingo
Flea
Fly
Flyingfish
Fowl
Fox
Frog
Fruit Bat
Galliwasp
Gazelle
Gecko
Gerbil
German Shepherd
Giant Panda
Giant squid
Gibbon
Gila monster
Guanaco
Guineafowl
Giraffe
Goat
Golden Retriever
Goldfinch
Goldfish
Goose
Gopher
Gorilla
Grasshopper
Great Blue Heron
Great Dane
Great white shark
Greyhound
Grizzly Bear
Ground Sloth
Grouse
Guinea pig
Gull
Guppy
Haddock
Halibut
Hammerhead shark
Hamster
Hare
Harrier
Hawk
Hedgehog
Hermit crab
Heron
Herring
Hippopotamus
Hookworm
Hornet
Horse
Hound
Hoverfly
Human
Hummingbird
Humpback Whale
Husky
Hyena
Iguana
Impala
Insect
Irish Setter
Irish Wolfhound
Irukandji jellyfish
Jackal
Jaguar
Jay
Jellyfish
Kangaroo
Kangaroo mouse
Kangaroo rat
Kingfisher
Kite
Kiwi
Koala
Koi
Komodo dragon
Krill
Labrador Retriever
Ladybug
Lamprey
Lark
Leech
Lemming
Lemur
Leopard
Leopon
Liger
Lion
Lizard
Llama
Lobster
Locust
Loon
Louse
Lungfish
Lynx
Macaw
Mackerel
Magpie
Mammal
Mammoth
Manta Ray
Marlin
Marmoset
Marmot
Marsupial
Marten
Mastiff
Mastodon
Meadowlark
Meerkat
Mink
Minnow
Mite
Mockingbird
Mole
Mollusk
Mongoose
Monitor lizard
Monkey
Moose
Mosquito
Moth
Mountain goat
Mouse
Mule
Muskox
Mussel
Narwhal
Newt
Nightingale
Ocelot
Octopus
Old English Sheepdog
Opossum
Orangutan
Orca
Ostrich
Otter
Owl
Ox
Oyster
Panda
Panther
Panthera hybrid
Parakeet
Parrot
Parrotfish
Partridge
Peacock
Peafowl
Pekingese
Pelican
Penguin
Perch
Peregrine Falcon
Persian Cat
Pheasant
Pig
Pigeon
Pike
Pilot whale
Pinniped
Piranha
Planarian
Platypus
Polar bear
Pony
Poodle
Porcupine
Porpoise
Portuguese Man o' War
Possum
Prairie dog
Prawn
Praying Mantis
Primate
Puffin
Puma
Python
Quail
Quelea
Quokka
Rabbit
Raccoon
Rainbow trout
Rat
Rattlesnake
Raven
Ray (Batoidea)
Ray (Rajiformes)
Red Panda
Reindeer
Rhinoceros
Right whale
Roadrunner
Rodent
Rook
Rooster
Roundworm
Saber-toothed cat
Sailfish
Saint Bernard
Salamander
Salmon
Sawfish
Scale insect
Scallop
Scorpion
Sea anemone
Sea cow
Seahorse
Sea lion
Sea slug[disambiguation needed]
Sea urchin
Setter
Shark
Sheep
Shrew
Shrimp
Siamese Cat
Silkworm
Silverfish
Skink
Skunk
Sloth
Slug
Smelt
Snail
Snake
Snipe
Snow Leopard
Sockeye salmon
Sole
Spaniel
Sparrow
Sperm whale
Spider
Spider monkey
Spoonbill
Squid
Squirrel
Starfish
Star-nosed Mole
Steelhead trout
Stingray
Stoat
Stork
Sturgeon
Sugar Glider
Swallow
Swan
Swift
Swordfish
Swordtail
Tabby cat
Tahr
Takin
Tapeworm
Tapir
Tarantula
Tarsier
Tasmanian Devil
Termite
Tern
Terrier
Thrush
Tick
Tiger
Tiger shark
Tigon
Toad
Tortoise
Toucan
Toy Poodle
Trapdoor spider
Tree frog
Trout
Tuna
Turkey
Turtle
Tyrannosaurus
Urial
Vampire bat
Vampire Squid
Vicuna
Viper
Vole
Vulture
Wallaby
Walrus
Wasp
Warbler
Water Buffalo
Weasel
Whale
Whippet
Whitefish
Whooping Crane
Wildcat
Wildebeest
Wildfowl
Wolf
Wolverine
Wombat
Woodpecker
Worm
Wren
X-ray fish
Yak
Zebra
[edit]General zoology concepts


taxonomy
the clade
monophyly
polyphyly
speciation
isolating mechanisms
concept of species
the phenetic species concept
the biological species concept
the recognition species concept
the ecological species concept
the pluralistic species concept
Notable zoologists


Main article: List of zoologists by author abbreviation
In alphabetical order by surname:
Louis Agassiz (malacology, ichthyology)
Aristotle
Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre
Archie Carr (Herpetology, esp. sea turtles)
Archie Carr III, (wild mammals)
Eugenie Clark (Ichthyology)
Jeff Corwin (most animals)
Georges Cuvier (founder of comparative morphology)
Charles Darwin (formulated modern theory of evolution)
Richard Dawkins (ethology)
Dian Fossey (primatology)
Birutė Galdikas (primatology)
Jane Goodall (primatology)
Arthur Davis Hasler (limnology, ichthyology, salmon homing)
Victor Hensen (planktology)
Libbie Hyman (invertebrate zoology)
Steve Irwin (herpetology)
William Kirby (father of entomology)
Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke (ornithology, herpetology)
Carolus Linnaeus (father of systematics)
Konrad Lorenz (ethology)
David W. Macdonald (wild mammals)
Ernst Mayr (evolutionary biologist)
Desmond Morris (ethology)
Ron Nowak (wild mammals)
Richard Owen (proposed archetypes for major groups of organisms)
Roger Tory Peterson (ornithology)
William Emerson Ritter (marine biology)
Thomas Say (entomology)
Jakob von Uexküll (animal behavior, invertebrate zoology)
Ernest P. Walker (wild mammals)
E. O. Wilson (entomology, founder of sociobiology)
Zoology lists


Lists of animals
Ant genera (alphabetical)
British ant species (common names)
Non-endemic ant species introduced to Great Britain and Ireland
Myrmecology topics
Amblypygid genera
Birds
Santa Cruz County, California
Sibley-Monroe Checklist:
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18
Domesticated animals
Cat breeds
Dog breeds
Freshwater aquarium fish species
Horse breeds
Marine reptiles
Externally visible animal parts
Endangered species in the U.S.
Category:Lists of historical animals

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Zoology

Zoology (pronounced /zoʊˈɒlədʒi/, though the nonstandard pronunciation /zuːˈɒlədʒi/[1] is also common), occasionally also spelt zoölogy, is the branch of biology which relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον (zōon, “animal”) + λόγος (logos, “knowledge”).

Ancient history to Darwin
The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as Albertus Magnus.[2][3][4] During the Renaissance and early modern period, zoological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were Vesalius and William Harvey, who used experimentation and careful observation in physiology, and naturalists such as Carl Linnaeus and Buffon who began to classify the diversity of life and the fossil record, as well as the development and behavior of organisms. Microscopy revealed the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory.[5] The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design).
Over the 18th and 19th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional scientific discipline. Explorer-naturalists such as Alexander von Humboldt investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography—laying the foundations for biogeography, ecology and ethology. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction and the mutability of species. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life.[6]
Since Darwin
These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. In 1859, Darwin placed the theory of organic evolution on a new footing, by his discovery of a process by which organic evolution can occur, and provided observational evidence that it had done so.[7]
Darwin gave new direction to morphology and physiology, by uniting them in a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution. The result was a reconstruction of the classification of animals upon a genealogical basis, fresh investigation of the development of animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the "neo-Darwinian synthesis".[8]
Research

Structural

Anatomy lesson carried out in Java, Dutch East Indies, date unknown.
Cell biology studies the structural and physiological properties of cells, including their behaviors, interactions, and environment. This is done on both the microscopic and molecular levels, for single-celled organisms such as bacteria as well as the specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans. Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. The similarities and differences between cell types are particularly relevant to molecular biology.
Anatomy considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems.[9]
[edit]Physiological
Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how all of the structures function as a whole. The theme of "structure to function" is central to biology. Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology, but some principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiology of yeast cells can also apply to human cells. The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of human physiology to non-human species. Physiology studies how for example nervous, immune, endocrine, respiratory, and circulatory systems, function and interact.
Evolutionary
Evolutionary research is concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, and includes scientists from many taxonomically oriented disciplines. For example, it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular organisms such as mammalogy, ornithology, or herpetology, but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution.
Evolutionary biology is partly based on paleontology, which uses the fossil record to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution,[10] and partly on the developments in areas such as population genetics[11] and evolutionary theory. In the 1980s, developmental biology re-entered evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the modern synthesis through the study of evolutionary developmental biology.[12] Related fields often considered part of evolutionary biology are phylogenetics, systematics, and taxonomy.
[edit]Systematics
Scientific classification in zoology, is a method by which zoologists group and categorize organisms by biological type, such as genus or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern biological classification has its root in the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Biological classification belongs to the science of zoological systematics.


Linnaeus's table of the Animal Kingdom from the first edition of Systema Naturae (1735).
Many scientists now consider the five-kingdom system outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the three-domain system: Archaea (originally Archaebacteria); Bacteria (originally Eubacteria); Eukaryota (including protists, fungi, plants, and animals)[13] These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the chemical composition of the cell exteriors.[13]
Further, each kingdom is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Domain; Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus; Species. The scientific name of an organism is generated from its genus and species. For example, humans are listed as Homo sapiens. Homo is the genus, and sapiens the species. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the species in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term may be italicized or underlined.[14][15]
The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The classification, taxonomy, and nomenclature of zoological organisms is administered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria for animals and bacteria, respectively. The classification of viruses, viroids, prions, and all other sub-viral agents that demonstrate biological characteristics is conducted by the International Code of Virus classification and nomenclature.[16][17][18][19] However, several other viral classification systems do exist.
A merging draft, BioCode, was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize nomenclature in these areas, but has yet to be formally adopted.[20] The BioCode draft has received little attention since 1997; its originally planned implementation date of January 1, 2000, has passed unnoticed. However, a 2004 paper concerning the cyanobacteria does advocate a future adoption of a BioCode and interim steps consisting of reducing the differences between the codes.[21] The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) remains outside the BioCode.
Ethology


Kelp Gull chicks peck at red spot on mother's beak to stimulate regurgitating reflex.
Ethology studies animal behavior (particularly that of social animals such as primates and canids), and is sometimes considered a separate branch of study. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, influenced many ethologists to come.[22]
Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the Earth,[23] focusing on topics like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics.
Branches of zoology

Although the study of animal life is ancient, its scientific incarnation is relatively modern. This mirrors the transition from natural history to biology at the start of the nineteenth century. Since Hunter and Cuvier, comparative anatomical study has been associated with morphography shapins the modern areas of zoological investigation: anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology, teratology and ethology. Modern zoology first arose in German and British universities. In Britain, Thomas Henry Huxley was a prominent figure. His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals. Many consider him the greatest comparative anatomist of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Similar to Hunter, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast the previous format of lectures only. This system became widely spread.
Gradually zoology expanded beyond Huxley's comparative anatomy to include the following sub-disciplines:
Zoography, also known as descriptive zoology, describes animals and their habitats.
Comparative anatomy studies the structure of animals.
Animal physiology
Behavioral ecology
Ethology is the study of animal behavior.
The various taxonomically oriented disciplines such as mammalogy, herpetology, ornithology and entomology identify and classify species and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups.
Related fields:
Evolutionary biology: Development of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on evolution, population genetics, heredity, variation, Mendelism, reproduction.
Molecular Biology studies the common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants
Palaeontology
Systematics, cladistics, phylogenetics, phylogeography, biogeography and taxonomy classify and group species via common descent and regional associations.

See Also

Outline Of Zoology

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